Jillian Kurzmann's Blog 5/21/18

Jillian Kurzmann
5/21/18
Honors Western Civilization

Today in class, we took notes on a powerpoint.
  • Where Did Charlemagne Come From?
    • Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) - grandfather
      • lived 688 - 741
      • won the crucial Battle of Tours (732), halting Islamic expansion in western Europe
    • Charles Martel's sons:
      •  Carloman (706 - 754)
        • retired to become a monk in 747
      • Pepin the Short (714 - 768)
        • continued to hold the Muslims off
        • father of Charlemagne (and Carloman I)
  • What Makes Charles So "Great"?
    • He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an Empire
      • He fought the Muslims in Spain (to the west)
      • He conquered Italy (to the south)
      • He fought Huns and Magyars (to the east) 
    • Pope Leo III appreciated his efforts to spread Christianity, and crowned him Imperator Augustus (Emperor)on Christmas Day, 800
  • Charlemagne’s Legacy
    • Renewed emphasis on education and culture
      • literature, mathematics, art, architecture
      • book copying and preserving
      • opened a palace school
      • surrounded himself with English, German, Italian and Spanish scholars
    • He regularly visited every part of his kingdom - hands-on ruling style
    • United most of western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire
  • After Charlemagne’s Death in 814
    • Charlemagne died at age 72, 47 years into his reign
    • He named his son Louis the Pious co-emperor before he died
    • Louis... not quite the leader his father was; ruled from 814 - 840
    • After L the P died, his three sons fought for control
    • They divided up the empire at the Treaty of Verdun
      • Lothair I got the Middle Kingdom (northern Italy, other territories to the north)
      • Charles the Bald got the Western Kingdom (France)
      • Louis the German got the Eastern Kingdom (Germany)
The Crusades
  • Background Information
    • It's the Age of Faith
    • The Holy Roman Empire is the strongest kingdom in Europe
    • The Church has considerable spiritual and political power
    • Over 500 massive Gothic cathedrals 
    • (Cities of God) are built throughout Europe between 1170 and 1270
  • Jerusalem
    • In the late eleventh century, Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims
    • It was Islam's 3rd holiest City (after Mecca & Medina)
    • It's the Holy City to Jews
    • and ... it's a Holy City to Christians
  • Dome of the Rock (Islam)
  • Western Wall (Judaism)
  • Church or the Holy Sepulchre (Christian)
  • In 1093, Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote a letter to Pope Urban II:
  • The “Holy War”
    • Pope Urban II put out the call for Christians to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks
    • Thus began 200 years of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, from 1095 to 1291
    • crusade means "taking of the cross" (crux)

  • Crusades (almost) Entirely Supported Throughout Holy Roman Empire
    • These "soldiers of the Church" took vows to take back the Holy Land
    • The Pope promised those who died in the endeavor would receive immediate remission   for their sins

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